AfricaSpeaksHowcomyoucomRaceandHistoryRootsWomenTrinicenter
Homepage
Message Board
Buy Books
RELATED LINKSCOMMUNITYREASONING FORUMCHAT ROOMARCHIVES
Photo Gallery | About Us | Terms of Use | Register/Create a Profile  
This is a new script for this board. Some posters would have to re-register.
We are sorry for the inconvenience.
Contact us at: rastafarispeaks@yahoo.com


Follow us on twitter and on facebook at:
AfricaSpeaksRastafariSpeaksCheik Anta Diop

Rastafari Speaks

Re: Why we should keep our distance *LINK*

Neanderthal Woman's Genome Reveals Unknown Human Lineage By By Charles Q. Choi, LiveScience Contributor
December 18, 2013 1:14 PM

The existence of a mysterious ancient human lineage and the genetic changes that separate modern humans from their closest extinct relatives are among the many secrets now revealed in the first high-quality genome sequence from a Neanderthal woman, researchers say.

The Neanderthal woman whose toe bone was sequenced also reveals inbreeding may have been common among her recent ancestors, as her parents were closely related, possibly half-siblings or another near relation.

Although modern humans are the world's only surviving human lineage, others also once lived on Earth. These included Neanderthals, the closest extinct relatives of modern humans, and the relatively newfound Denisovans, whose genetic footprint apparently extended from Siberia to the Pacific islands of Oceania. Both Neanderthals and Denisovans descended from a group that diverged from the ancestors of all modern humans. [See Photos of Neanderthal Bone & Denisovan Fossils]

The first signs of Denisovans came from a finger bone and a molar tooth discovered in Denisova Cave in southern Siberia in 2008. To learn more about Denisovans, scientists examined a woman's toe bone, which was unearthed in the cave in 2010 and showed physical features resembling those of both Neanderthals and modern humans. The fossil is thought to be about 50,000 years old, and slightly older than previously analyzed Denisovan fossils.

Human interbreeding

The scientists focused mostly on the fossil's nuclear DNA, the genetic material from the chromosomes in the nucleus of the cell that a person receives from both their mother and father. They also examined the genome of this fossil's mitochondria — the powerhouses of the cell, which possess their own DNA and get passed down solely from the mother.

The investigators completely sequenced the fossil's nuclear DNA, with each position (or nucleotide) sequenced an average of 50 times. This makes the sequence's quality at least as high as that of genomes sequenced from present-day people.

The genetic analysis revealed the toe bone belonged to a Neanderthal. When compared with other Neanderthal mitochondrial DNA samples, this newfound fossil's closest known relatives are Neanderthals found in Mezmaiskaya Cave in the Caucasus Mountains about 2,100 miles (3,380 kilometers) away.

These findings helped the scientists refine the human family tree, further confirming that different human lineages interbred. They estimated about 1.5 to 2.1 percent of DNA of people outside Africa are Neanderthal in origin, while about 0.2 percent of DNA of mainland Asians and Native Americans is Denisovan in origin.

"Admixture seems to be common among human groups," said study lead author Kay Prüfer, a computational geneticist at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany.

Intriguingly, the scientists discovered that apparently Denisovans interbred with an unknown human lineage, getting as much as 2.7 to 5.8 percent of their genomes from it. This mystery relative apparently split from the ancestors of all modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans between 900,000 years and 4 million years ago, before these latter groups started diverging from each other.

This enigmatic lineage could even potentially be Homo erectus, the earliest undisputed predecessor of modern humans. There are no signs this unknown group interbred with modern humans or Neanderthals, Prüferadded. [The 10 Biggest Mysteries of the First Humans]

"Some unknown archaic DNA might have caught a ride through time by living on in Denisovans until we dug the individual up and sequenced it," Prüfertold LiveScience. "It opens up the prospect to study the sequence of an archaic (human lineage) that might be out of reach for DNA sequencing."

Interbreeding took place between Neanderthals and Denisovans as well. These new findings suggest at least 0.5 percent of the Denisovan genome came from Neanderthals. However, nothing of the Denisovan genome has been detected in Neanderthals so far.

In addition, "the age of the Neanderthals and Denisovans we sequenced also doesn't allow us to say whether any gene flow from modern humans to Neanderthals or Denisovans happened," Prüfer said. The Neanderthals and Denisovans that researchers have sequenced the DNA of to date "probably lived at a time when no modern humans were around," he explained.

Modern humans' distinguishing features

It remains uncertain when modern humans, Neanderthals and Denisovans diverged from one another. The researchers currently estimate modern humans split from the common ancestors of all Neanderthals and Denisovans between 550,000 and 765,000 years ago, and Neanderthals and Denisovans diverged from each other between 381,000 and 473,000 years ago.

Genetic analysis revealed the parents of the woman whose toe bone they analyzed were closely related — possibly half-siblings, or an uncle and niece, or an aunt and nephew, or a grandfather and granddaughter, or a grandmother and grandson. Inbreeding among close relatives was apparently common among the woman's recent ancestors. It remains uncertain as to whether inbreeding was some kind of cultural practice among these Neanderthals or whether it was unavoidable due to how few Neanderthals apparently lived in this area, Prüfer said.

By comparing modern human, Neanderthal and Denisovan genomes, the researchers identified more than 31,000 genetic changes that distinguish modern humans from Neanderthals and Denisovans. These changes may be linked with the survival and success of modern humans — a number have to do with brain development.

"If one speculates that we modern humans carry some genetic changes that enabled us to develop technology to the degree we did and settle in nearly all habitable areas on the planet, then these must be among those changes," Prüfer said. "It is hard to say what exactly these changes do, if anything, and it will take the next few years to find out whether hidden among all these changes are some that helped us modern humans to develop sophisticated technology and settle all over the planet."

Prüfer and his colleagues detailed their findings in the Dec. 19 issue of the journal Nature.

Messages In This Thread

Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Correction...
Re: Correction...
Re: Correction...
Re: Correction...
BYW, I am not...
Re: BYW, I am not...
I am still hoping for a metaphysical edification
Re: I am still hoping for a metaphysical edificati
Re: I am still hoping for a metaphysical edificati
Re: I am still hoping for a metaphysical edificati
The Semite controls the message... *LINK*
wow...WAG THE DOG *NM*
Re: Correction...
bear with me...
Re: Correction...
Re: Correction...
bon appetit *NM*
Re: Correction...
Femine Superiority (but not Hierarchy)
Re: Femine Superiority (but not Hierarchy)
LOL, put it in the fridge...
Re: Femine Superiority (but not Hierarchy) *LINK*
no worry, Kween...
Follow the Cattle/Bos
Re: Follow the Cattle/Bos
Re: Follow the Cattle/Bos *LINK*
Re: Femine Superiority (but not Hierarchy) *LINK*
Re: Femine Superiority (but not Hierarchy)
superiority is indeed an ugly connotation...
Re: superiority is indeed an ugly connotation...
Re: superiority is indeed an ugly connotation... *LINK*
Word/Sound/Power! *NM*
Re: superiority is indeed an ugly connotation...
Re: superiority is indeed an ugly connotation...
Parthenogenesis *NM* *LINK*
Re: Parthenogenesis
Re: Parthenogenesis
Re: Parthenogenesis
Re: Parthenogenesis *LINK*
WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
This is the brain on TOXO *NM* *LINK*
here's queenie *NM* *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Black on Black Crime *LINK*
Re: Black on Black Crime *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Why we should keep our distance *LINK*
Re: Why we should keep our distance *LINK*
Re: Why we should keep our distance *LINK*
Re: Why we should keep our distance *LINK*
Re: Why we should keep our distance *LINK*
Re: Why we should keep our distance *LINK*
Re: Why we should keep our distance *LINK*
Re: Why we should keep our distance *NM* *LINK*
Re: Why we should keep our distance *NM* *LINK*
Re: Why we should keep our distance *LINK*
Re: Why we should keep our distance *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME!
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME!
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME!
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME!
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME!
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME!
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME!
If you eat dead; abstain from weed. *LINK*
Re: If you eat dead; abstain from weed.
Re: If you eat dead; abstain from weed.
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *NM* *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *NM* *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME!
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME!
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *NM* *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: WE ARE NOT THE SAME! *LINK*
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
No Sexual Intercourse Between White and Non-white
Re: No Sexual Intercourse Between White and Non-wh
Re: No Sexual Intercourse Between White and Non-wh *LINK*
Re: No Sexual Intercourse Between White and Non-wh
Re: No Sexual Intercourse Between White and Non-wh
Re: No Sexual Intercourse Between White and Non-wh
Re: No Sexual Intercourse Between White and Non-wh
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Seshata: WHERE did you get this from?
The United Independent Compensatory Code *NM*
Re: The United Independent Compensatory Code
Proceed with caution; *LINK*
Re: Proceed with caution;
Eviction vs Exodus
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Give Thankhs Seshata:) *NM*
i guess this means carib queen doesnt want to get
To Quote the real "Eja"
i like what u wrote
karib kween
Re: To Quote the real "Eja"
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing) *NM* *LINK*
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
yeah when u look at the spread of people around th
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)
Black Biblical Heritage
Race.........Defined.
What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural? *LINK*
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Care to elaborate? *NM*
Re: Care to elaborate?
Be fruitful & multiply...
Re: Be fruitful & multiply...
Re: Be fruitful & multiply...
Re: Be fruitful & multiply...
Search Noah's Daughter-in-Law *NM*
Will do queen! *NM*
Re: Be fruitful & multiply... *LINK*
correction
Re: Be fruitful & multiply...
Voila!!!
Re: Voila!!!
Y-chromosomal Adam/Noah *LINK*
Re: Y-chromosomal Adam/Noah
Re: Y-chromosomal Adam/Noah
My search for Cain turned up Pelus/Pelasgi/Belus *LINK*
Re: My search for Cain turned up Pelus/Pelasgi/Bel *NM* *LINK*
Re: My search for Cain turned up Pelus/Pelasgi/Bel *LINK*
The Heresy of Pe'or/Pe'ul *NM* *LINK*
The Western Migration came first... *LINK*
Re: The Western Migration came first... *LINK*
Re: The Western Migration came first...
Re: My search for Cain turned up Pelus/Pelasgi/Bel *NM* *LINK*
Re: Be fruitful & multiply...
My First Sentiments...
Got It! *NM*
Why Dogs before Blacks *LINK*
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural? *LINK*
Re: What is Natural? *LINK*
Re: What is Natural? *LINK*
Re: What is Natural? *LINK*
Re: What is Natural? *NM* *LINK*
Re: What is Natural? *LINK*
Re: What is Natural? *LINK*
Re: What is Natural? *LINK*
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Got Crabs? *LINK*
Re: What is Natural? *LINK*
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
The Gut Check
Re: What is Natural?
Seems like Nature is fighting it... *LINK*
Re: Seems like Nature is fighting it...
Re: Seems like Nature is fighting it...
Re: Seems like Nature is fighting it...
Instinct vs Will
Re: Instinct vs Will
Re: Instinct vs Will
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
"NATURAL MYSTIC"
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural? *NM* *LINK*
Re: What is Natural?
Re: What is Natural? *LINK*
Re: Food 4 Thought (Race Mixing)


FAIR USE NOTICE:
This site may at times contain copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.
For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml


Copyright © 2003-2014 RastafariSpeaks.com & AfricaSpeaks.com